Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity
Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity (Sportis Sci J) is an international, monthly journal indexed in major international databases (WoS, Scopus, EBSCO, etc.) and awarded the FECYT Quality Seal by the Government of Spain. Its aim is to publish and disseminate research articles related to Physical Education, Sport Sciences, and Psychomotricity in children, adolescents, and adults. The journal accepts manuscripts in Spanish and English covering analytical research (theoretical reviews, historical studies, or syntheses), quantitative research, experimental research, and/or qualitative research. All submissions undergo a double-blind peer review process. It is published by Campus Educa Sportis, based in Spain. ISSN: 2386-8333
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms: The author retains the economic rights (copyright) of the published works and grants the journal the right of first publication. The works are published in the electronic edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike license. They may be copied, used, distributed, transmitted, and publicly displayed, provided that: (i) authorship and the original source of publication (journal, publisher, and URL of the work) are cited; (ii) they are not used for commercial purposes; (iii) the existence and specifications of this license are indicated. Self-archiving conditions. Authors are permitted and encouraged to disseminate electronically the post-print versions (publisher’s version), as this facilitates earlier circulation and dissemination, potentially increasing citation and reach within the academic community. Authors may also deposit their articles in repositories and other platforms that support the dissemination of information, provided that the version used is the post-print (publisher’s version). RoMEO color: Blue.
Peer microteaching as a pedagogical tool in Physical Education teacher education: systematic review
Peer microteaching has become established as a key pedagogical tool in initial teacher education, enabling prospective teachers to rehearse practices in controlled settings, receive targeted feedback, and engage in critical reflection on their performance. In physical education, its potential is particularly significant given the highly situational, practical, and relational nature of teaching in motor-learning contexts. This systematic review aims to identify and analyze the uses, pedagogical approaches, and reported effects of peer microteaching in physical education teacher education programs. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to identify studies published between 2000 and 2025 in Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, and ProQuest. PICOS criteria were applied for search and selection. In total, 363 documents were retrieved, of which 17 met the eligibility criteria. The methodological quality of the selected studies was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The findings are organized into four interrelated dimensions: a) attitudes, self-efficacy, and professional confidence; b) instructional competences and pedagogical decision-making; c) pedagogical reflection, feedback, and practice-based learning; and d) curricular and contextual conditions of physical education teacher education. Overall, the evidence indicates that microteaching, when implemented through reflective and dialogic approaches, emerges as a promising pedagogical mechanism for early professional development in physical education. However, current evidence relies largely on self-report measures and short-term designs and should be interpreted with caution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Claudio Hinojosa-Torres, David Hortigüela-Alcalá, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Natalia Escobar-Jara, Dilan Galeano-Rojas, Macarena Hurtado-Guerrero, Carolina Rodríguez-Canales (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adapted sport in physical education: voices and reflections of school students in Chile
Education inclusion remains a challenge for school Physical Education teaching, particularly in contexts where practices persist that may limit students’ opportunities for participation. The aim of this study was to understand how the implementation of adapted sports strategies in Physical Education classes contribute to awareness and inclusion of primary students with disabilities. A qualitative study with a phenomenological-hermeneutic design was conducted. The sample consisted of forty students enrolled in the fifth and sixth grades of primary education. Data collection included systematic classroom observations and student interviews. Data were analyzed through open and axial coding using ATLAS. Ti 7.5 software, which enabled the identification of categories emerging from participants lived experiences. The analysis resulted in four central categories: concept of disability, educational inclusion, recognition of adapted sport and situation learning. The findings revealed a progressive understanding of disability, accompanied by practices of respect, peer support and appreciation of adapted sport as an experience that fosters inclusion. Socio-emotional learning outcomes also emerged, particularly those related to empathy, collaboration, and appreciation of collective effort. Adapted sport gained pedagogical relevance by expanding opportunities for participation and promoting shared motor experiences in Physical Education. Its incorporation challenges pedagogical design and teacher education, providing valuable elements for the development of more inclusive educational practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andri Velásquez-Salazar, Julia Riquelme Sepulveda, Alixon Reyes Rodríguez, Isolda Vergara-Santiago, Belén Fierro-Saldaña, Patricio Anacona Godoy (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical fitness predictors of skill-specific and match performance in Indian sitting volleyball players: a regression analysis approach
Sitting volleyball is a Paralympic sport that relies heavily on upper-body physical fitness for players to perform well. Although the sport is becoming increasingly popular in India, there is little research on how physical fitness affects match outcomes among Indian sitting volleyball players. This study set out to find which physical fitness factors best predict skill-specific and overall match performance, using regression analysis. The research included 82 male players aged 18 to 35, chosen from national competitions. The study measured agility, speed, and endurance, forward and backward speed, handgrip strength, upper-body explosive power, flexibility, and coordination. Skill-specific actions like attack, block, service, and defense, as well as overall match results, were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that flexibility had the strongest positive link with performance. Upper-body explosive power, handgrip strength, and coordination were also important, while agility and speed-related factors had negative correlations. Regression analysis showed that these physical fitness factors could predict match outcomes, with explosive power, handgrip strength, coordination, and flexibility being the most important. The model explained 75% of the difference in match performance. In summary, the study found that physical fitness is a key predictor of both skill-specific and overall match results in sitting volleyball. Focusing on upper body strength, explosive power, flexibility, and coordination is important for success. These findings can help guide training programs for adapted sports in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mani Aravindh, Dharmalingam Yuvaraj, Sankaran Sethu, Nugroho Susanto, Mariyappan Rajkumar, Perumal Vanithamani, Harish Kumar Tiwari, Nishan Singh, Sundarraj Narsing (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Parental support and achievement motivation: the mediating role of training satisfaction among tennis athletes
This study empirically analyzed the relationship between parental support and achievement motivation, and explored the mediating role of training satisfaction among tennis athletes. This study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlational design. The population consisted of field tennis athletes participating in open tennis tournaments from December 2024 to March 2025. A total sample of 155 athletes was obtained, aged 15-23 years, with 6-10 years of training experience and 5-8 years of athletic experience. Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS. Validity and reliability tests for each item in the constructs showed outer loading values and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients above 0.7. The research model demonstrated good fit with an SRMR value of 0.032 (< 0.10 or < 0.08). Path coefficient results indicated the following: 1) Parental Support → Achievement Motivation 0.042 < 0.05 (t = 2.037); 2) Parental Support → Training Satisfaction 0.001 < 0.05 (t = 3.382); 3) Training Satisfaction → Achievement Motivation 0.000 < 0.05 (t = 3.159); and 4) Parental Support → Achievement Motivation through Training Satisfaction 0.001 < 0.05 (t = 3.197). Training satisfaction serves as a mediating variable through which parental support indirectly influences achievement motivation by enhancing tennis athletes’ satisfaction with their training. Thus, parental support not only directly stimulates athletes’ drive for excellence but also operates through a crucial pathway involving positive and fulfilling training experiences. Future studies may adopt mixed-method approaches and include additional moderator or mediator variables to develop a more comprehensive model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rekyan Woro Mulaksito Mulyadi, Tomoliyus, Abdul Alim, Wisnu Nugroho, Candra Widyastuti (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of kinesiology taping on stability, function, and shuttlecock velocity of badminton players with scapular dyskinesia
Badminton involves repetitive high-velocity overhead strokes that place considerable stress on the shoulder complex, increasing the risk of dysfunction and injury. This risk is further elevated in athletes with scapular dyskinesis, which may impair neuromuscular control and functional performance. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of kinesiology taping (KT) on dynamic balance, functional performance, and shuttlecock velocity in adolescent badminton players with scapular dyskinesis. This quasi-experimental pre–post study included 25 male badminton players aged 10–16 years with clinically diagnosed scapular dyskinesis. Participants were assessed using the Y Balance Test, Davis test, and shuttlecock velocity measurement before and after KT application. Scapular dyskinesis was identified using a standardized clinical assessment protocol. All participants served as their own control. This study used a paired t-test in SPSS 26 to analyze the data (p ≤ 0.05). effect sizes (Cohen’s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to determine the magnitude and precision of changes. Results demonstrated significant improvements in all variables following KT application. Y Balance Test scores, Davis test performance, and shuttlecock velocity all showed statistically significant changes (all p < 0.001), accompanied by large to very large effect sizes. Overall, kinesiology taping appears to improve functional performance and dynamic stability in adolescent badminton players with scapular dyskinesis, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive adjunct intervention to enhance neuromuscular efficiency and upper limb function.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabikeh Moghaddamnezhad, Mojtaba Ebrahimi Varkiani, Mojgan Ghobadi (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Socio-economic impacts of micro-sport events: a systematic literature review
In recent decades, sport events have increasingly been recognised as tools for economic development, social cohesion, and territorial transformation beyond their competitive dimension. Despite their small scale, micro-sport events have attracted growing attention due to their strong local embeddedness and reliance on existing resources. This study examines their socio-economic impacts within territorial contexts through a systematic literature review. Following PRISMA guidelines, the review synthesises 45 peer-reviewed studies from Web of Science and Scopus. The findings highlight both economic outcomes, including sport tourism and visitor expenditure, alongside social outcomes such as social capital, community cohesion, and residents’ perceptions. Governance, sustainability, and territorial attractiveness also emerge as important dimensions. However, gaps persist, including limited use of integrated frameworks, the predominance of cross-sectional quantitative approaches, and the underrepresentation of Global South contexts. The review contributes to a more integrated understanding of micro-sport events by emphasising the links between social and economic dimensions and the role of territorial contexts in shaping event outcomes. Overall, micro-sport events appear as territorially embedded processes whose impacts emerge through interactions between local dynamics, stakeholder coordination, and contextual conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiame Drissi-el-bouzaidi, Safae Kaddouri (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The relationship between excessive smartphone use, physical activity levels, and overweight and obesity in adolescents
Excessive smartphone use has increased dramatically worldwide among adolescents, leading to a sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity. The objective was to determine the relationship between excessive smartphone use, physical activity levels, and overweight and obesity among adolescents in Juliaca, Peru, in 2025. Materials and methods: A non-experimental study with a descriptive correlational design was conducted. A non-probabilistic sample of 827 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (425 females and 402 males) from public schools was selected. The instruments used were questionnaires on time spent on smartphones and physical activity, which were validated by experts and obtained a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Anthropometric measurements of body weight and height were taken. Results: 35.3% and 27.7% spend 3 to 4 and 5 to 6 hours daily, respectively, on smartphones during the week. Regarding physical activity, females showed a low level (17.2%), in contrast to males, who showed a high level (15.5%). Regarding BMI, adolescents had a normal level (56.1%), while females showed a prevalence of overweight and obesity (15.6% and 9.8%, respectively). Discussion: Parents and guardians should monitor and regulate adolescents’ smartphone usage to prevent future health problems. It is concluded that there is a significant correlation between excessive smartphone use during the week and on weekends and adolescents’ BMI.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alcides Flores Paredes, René Paz Paredes Mamani, Yony Martín Pino Vanegas, Héctor Hugo Inca Huacasi, Angela Rosario Esteves Villanueva, Lou Fernando Felipe Inca Bruna, Juan Richard Castro Lujan, Efraín Paulino Zevallos Mamani (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Different paths to organizational effectiveness in sport organizations: evidence from multi-group analysis across sport types
This study examines whether the mechanisms that drive organizational effectiveness differ across types of sport organizations. While prior sport management research often assumes that governance dynamics are similar across sports, organizational processes may vary depending on sport characteristics. This research analyzes the relationships among leadership behavior, human resource management (HRM) practices, organizational communication, and organizational effectiveness across different sport categories. A quantitative approach using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) combined with Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) was applied to data from 227 administrators, board members, managerial personnel, coaches, and athletes representing provincial and district-level sport organizations in East Java, Indonesia. The results reveal distinct organizational patterns across sport types. Significant differences emerged between measured sports and martial arts in the relationships between leadership, HRM practices, and organizational communication. Measured sports were characterized by an HRM-driven model, team sports by a communication-driven model, and martial arts by a leadership-driven model. These findings demonstrate that sport organizations are not homogeneous and that mechanisms leading to effectiveness vary across sport types. The study contributes to sport management literature by proposing a typology of sport organizations based on governance dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henri Gunawan Pratama, Agus Hariyanto, Gigih Siantoro, Dio Alif Airlangga Daulay, Junian Cahyanto Wibawa (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Learning through the body: college students’ perceptions of physical education as a space for growth, belonging, and self-discovery
This study explored how Physical Education (PE) contributes to the holistic personal growth of students, extending beyond physical development to include psychological, emotional, and social dimensions. A qualitative research design employing a descriptive approach was used to examine the lived experiences of students. Twenty Physical Education students in the Philippines were purposively selected as participants based on their direct experiences in PE courses and their willingness to participate. Data were collected using a validated set of open-ended guiding questions that enabled participants to provide in-depth reflections on how PE influenced their personal growth and development. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s framework, was employed to systematically identify patterns and generate meaningful themes from the data. The findings revealed seven key themes reflecting the role of PE in fostering confidence and self-belief, managing stress and promoting mental well-being, developing discipline and perseverance, enhancing emotional regulation and resilience, strengthening social relationships and a sense of belonging, increasing self-awareness and healthy lifestyle practices, and promoting personal growth through challenge and self-acceptance. These themes illustrate the multifaceted impact of PE as an educational tool that supports holistic student development. The study highlights the significance of PE not only in promoting physical fitness but also in cultivating essential life skills, emotional maturity, and social competence. Ultimately, the findings underscore the transformative potential of PE as a platform for nurturing well-rounded individuals who are equipped with the personal resources necessary for navigating academic and life challenges, emphasizing its integral role in the broader educational experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ma. Lorena P. Adigue, Gerald O. Ramo, Editha T. Medina (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teaching smart under constraints: lesson pacing, space improvisation, and reflective practice in elementary Physical Education
This study explored how Filipino Physical Education teachers navigate instructional constraints to optimize student learning, focusing on lesson pacing, space improvisation, and reflective practice. Recognizing the challenges posed by limited facilities, scarce equipment, large class sizes, and diverse student needs, the research aimed to describe the adaptive strategies teachers employ to sustain effective, inclusive, and engaging physical education. A qualitative phenomenology design was utilized to capture the lived experiences of 18 purposively selected PE teachers from urban and rural public schools. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions, validated for clarity and relevance, allowing participants to share in-depth reflections and practical examples of their teaching strategies. Analysis followed Colaizzi’s phenomenological framework, involving identification of significant statements, formulation of meanings, clustering into themes, and integration into an exhaustive description of adaptive teaching practices, with participant verification ensuring credibility. Findings revealed that teachers creatively repurpose available spaces, strategically pace lessons, engage peer teaching, collaborate with parents and community partners, and continuously reflect on their practice to enhance learning outcomes. These strategies collectively support student engagement, skill development, and holistic well-being despite resource limitations. The study highlights the critical role of adaptability, resourcefulness, and reflection in sustaining effective PE instruction and underscores the value of collaborative and community-oriented approaches. Implications for teacher preparation and curriculum design include fostering problem-solving, creativity, and metacognitive skills, while educational policies should support flexible, inclusive, and resilient learning environments. Overall, the study concludes that effective Physical Education teaching is defined not by the availability of resources but by the strategic, reflective, and innovative practices that educators employ to ensure meaningful and equitable learning experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jay Regulacion (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical activity as a predictor of locus of control and self-regulation among students
Physical activity has been widely recognized as a critical determinant of students’ physical health; however, its influence on psychological attributes such as locus of control and emotional regulation remains insufficiently understood. Given the growing concerns regarding students’ ability to manage emotions and maintain a sense of personal control in increasingly demanding academic environments, examining the role of physical activity in these psychological processes is warranted. This study aimed to determine whether physical activity predicts locus of control and emotional regulation among college students. The study employed a quantitative research design using a descriptive-correlational approach. The participants were 559 college students selected through simple random sampling from the target population. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires assessing physical activity, locus of control, and emotional regulation. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire developed by Craig (2008), while validated instruments were utilized to assess locus of control and emotional regulation. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and composite mean, were used to describe the variables. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between physical activity and the psychological constructs under investigation. The findings indicated that the respondents generally demonstrated favorable levels of physical activity and moderate levels of mindfulness-related attributes, including locus of control and emotional regulation. The analysis further revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between physical activity and the combined dimensions of locus of control and emotional regulation. The results suggest that students who engage more actively in physical activity tend to exhibit stronger capacities for self-awareness, emotional management, and personal control over life events. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature highlighting the interconnectedness of physical and psychological well-being among students. The study provides empirical evidence that physical activity is associated with important psychological characteristics that support adaptive functioning in academic settings. The findings underscore the value of considering physical activity as an important factor in understanding students’ behavioral and emotional development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marlon A. Mancera (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Menstrual experiences and active life in physical education teachers: a qualitative approach
Menstruation is not only a biological process associated with reproductive function, but it also affects women’s physical and emotional health. In the educational field, particularly in the training and professional practice of physical education (PE) teachers, this phenomenon has been scarcely explored. This study aims to describe the menstrual experiences of PE teachers, considering their life stories as physically active women involved in the promotion of physical activity and health. The research was conducted under an interpretive paradigm, using a qualitative descriptive approach and a purposive sampling strategy, through 11 individual remote interviews with PE teachers aged between 28 and 43 years, with teaching experience ranging from four to 15 years. The information was organized into three dimensions of analysis: A) School years: family, menarche, and PE; B) Menstruation in Initial PE Teacher Training; and C) Professional integration: work life and menstruation. Data analysis and coding were performed using ATLAS.ti v9 software, generating emergent codes. The main findings highlight the experience of a healthy menarche accompanied by the need to conceal menstrual flow; the invisibility of menstrual health within a masculinized professional training environment; and the benefits of maintaining an active lifestyle, although a persistent culture of menstrual resilience and pain remains in response to productivity demands. The findings also reveal the emergence of a generation of women who challenge menstrual taboos and promote a critical perspective grounded in the importance of menstrual health
Copyright (c) 2026 Loreto Chihuailaf Vera, Génesis Castro Rojas, Carlos Matus Castillo, Maite Pino González (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Obesity, physical activity, and diabetes mellitus in Indonesia: findings from IFLS-5
Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem. This study aims to examine the relationship between obesity and diabetes mellitus, while considering physical activity. This study used a cross-sectional design based on secondary data from the IFLS-5. A total of 34,241 respondents aged 15 years and older participated. Obesity was defined using BMI, and physical activity was categorized as low, moderate, and vigorous. Diabetes mellitus was determined using HbA1c measurements and medical diagnoses. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for confounding variables. Non-obese individuals had significantly lower odds of diabetes mellitus compared to obese individuals (OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.35–0.57; p < 0.001). Vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with lower odds of diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45–0.91; p = 0.012), while moderate physical activity showed a non-significant trend (OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.67–1.03; p = 0.097). Low physical activity was not significantly associated with diabetes mellitus. Obesity is strongly associated with higher odds of diabetes mellitus, while higher levels of physical activity, particularly vigorous activity, are associated with lower odds of diabetes mellitus. Encouraging physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight are important strategies for diabetes prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sandhya Kresnajati, Riki Edo Saputro, Khoiril Anam, Amadou Wurry Jallow, Fajar Awang Irawan, Sugiarto Sugiarto, Fajar Syamsudin, Johnlenon Aliser (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical education and generic competencies in future teacher education. A systematic review between 2015 and 2024
Generic or transversal competences (GTC) have become particularly important in the training of university students and future teachers, above all because of their link to employability. The area of Physical Education (PE), due to its practical and experiential characteristics, is an ideal space for working on these types of skills. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and analyse the most important contributions of the last ten years from the area of PE to the acquisition and development of GTC in Higher Education (HE) in the training of future teachers. Articles from four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Eric and Dialnet) were reviewed, following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. Of the 324 articles initially selected, eight met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study corpus of this review. The results demonstrate the importance of GTC for the training of university students, for a more complete and comprehensive education. The most highly valued skills were teamwork, leadership, communication, social responsibility and the ability to adapt to different contexts; conversely, the least valued skills were knowledge of a foreign language, computer skills, school management, programme development and working in international contexts. Given their importance, GTC constitute a training block that cannot be overlooked in HE.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alba Oliveira-Baleirón, Ana Gigirey-Vilar, Martín Barcala-Furelos, José Eugenio Rodríguez-Fernández (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
When masculinity polices the body: body image as a mediator of dance self-efficacy among university students
Dance participation in higher education supports physical, psychological, and social development; however, gendered norms may constrain male students’ engagement and confidence in expressive movement contexts. Rigid masculine expectations may shape how male bodies are perceived and performed, potentially influencing both body-related perceptions and dance self-efficacy. This study examined whether body image mediates the relationship between toxic masculinity and dance self-efficacy among Filipino male university students. A quantitative cross-sectional mediation design was employed with 104 male undergraduate students enrolled in PATHFIT dance-related courses. Data were collected using the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS), Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), and Dance Self-Efficacy Scale, and analyzed using PROCESS Model 4 with bootstrapping and the Sobel test. Results showed that toxic masculinity significantly and negatively predicted dance self-efficacy (B = −0.21, SE = 0.09, p = .025), while body image significantly and positively predicted dance self-efficacy (B = 0.47, SE = 0.07, p < .001). However, toxic masculinity did not significantly predict body image (B = −0.12, p = .361), and the indirect effect was not significant (B = −0.06, 95% CI [−0.21, 0.11]; z = −0.91, p = .36). These findings indicate that toxic masculinity directly undermines dance confidence, whereas body image independently enhances it, highlighting the need for gender-inclusive and body-positive pedagogies in physical education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aries Pasno (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evolution of performance analysis in football: towards a conceptual model across data, analysis, and interpretation
This article presents a narrative review with a historical and conceptual perspective on the evolution of performance analysis in football, from intuitive observation to the development of advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence. Based on academic literature in Spanish and English, a five-stage periodization is proposed: (1) 1863–1924, dominance of observation and intuition within a context of regulatory institutionalization; (2) 1925–1959, consolidation of tactical analysis and professionalization, with the coach as a strategic figure; (3) 1960–1979, incorporation of audiovisual recording and a shift towards more systematic observation, alongside limitations related to incomplete information; (4) 1980–2010, development of video analysis, performance indicators, and physical monitoring; and (5) 2011–present, integration of event and positional data and the application of machine learning for modelling and decision support. Beyond this evolution, the study proposes a conceptual model that understands performance analysis as a process structured across three interdependent levels; descriptive, analytical, and interpretative, whose development has been shaped by the structural limitations of the game. Football exhibits properties such as nonlinearity, adaptive interaction between opponents, and strong contextual dependence, which constrain the identification of stable causal relationships. As a result, technological advances do not eliminate uncertainty but rather shift its limits towards the interpretative level. Advanced tools expand analytical capacity but do not replace expert judgement, which remains essential to translate data into actionable decisions in training and competition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonio Aguilar Gómez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mapping the evolution of marketing research in the global fitness industry: a bibliometric and thematic analysis
This study aims to map the evolution of marketing research in the global fitness industry through bibliometric and thematic analysis. Data were collected from Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases, covering the period from 2015 to 2025. A total of 2,462 articles were initially identified, with 1,171 articles meeting the inclusion criteria for analysis, and the top 10 most cited studies selected for in-depth review. The analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to examine publication trends, authorship patterns, country contributions, research domains, and thematic developments. The results indicate a significant and consistent increase in research productivity, growing from 30 publications in 2015 to 230 in 2025, with over 15,000 citations globally. The United States, China, and the United Kingdom dominate scientific contributions, while leading authors such as García-Fernández have played a central role in shaping the field. The dominant research themes include service quality, customer satisfaction, loyalty, digital fitness platforms, and customer behavior. Furthermore, the findings highlight the increasing integration of digital technologies, such as fitness applications and social media, in marketing strategies. This study demonstrates that marketing research in the fitness industry has evolved into a multidisciplinary and rapidly growing field. It also identifies future research opportunities, particularly in digital transformation, customer experience, and technology-driven service innovation within the global fitness sector
Copyright (c) 2026 Bayu Ristiawan, Eva Ferdita Yuhantini, Ainun Zulfikar Rizki, Norman Julian Almerol (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of a multilateral movement program on fundamental movement skills and self-regulation in children aged 3–8 years: a quasi-experimental study
This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Multilateral Field Activity training model on locomotor skills, object control skills, and self-regulation in children aged 3-8 years. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest involving two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. The sample consisted of 60 children (30 boys and 30 girls) from kindergarten to lower elementary school levels. Locomotor and object control skills were measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2), while self-regulation was measured using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders Revised (HTKS-R). The intervention program was modified based on previous scientific articles and was implemented for 8 weeks at 07:30 a.m., with a gradually increasing duration of 30-60 minutes. Each activity was performed for 3-6 repetitions with intervals of 45-60 seconds. Measurements were conducted at the pretest and posttest phases using standard assessment procedures, involving two trained raters. The MANCOVA results indicated a significant multivariate effect of group (sig. 0.000; ηp² = 0.483) and a significant effect of age (sig. 0.021; ηp² = 0.156), whereas the group × age interaction was not significant (sig. 0.501). The univariate tests showed that the group had a significant effect on the three dependent variables (locomotor ηp² = 0.439; object control ηp² = 0.436; self-regulation ηp² = 0.463). These findings indicate that multilateral field-based training can be an effective approach to support children’s holistic development in psychomotor and psychological aspects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Endang Rini Sukamti, Wenti Nopriani, Ratna Budiarti, Risti Nurfadhila, Muhammad Wahyu Arga (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceived competence as a predictor of exercise motivation in Physical Education: a pathway to sustained health-promoting behaviors
This study examined perceived competence as a predictor of exercise motivation in Physical Education, aiming to clarify how students’ self-perceptions of ability influence their motivational orientation toward physical activity. A quantitative research design, specifically descriptive-correlational, was employed involving 425 university students selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments, including the Perceived Competence Scale and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-3, both of which demonstrated acceptable reliability indices. Descriptive statistics such as mean and composite mean were used to assess levels of perceived competence and exercise motivation, while Spearman’s rank-order correlation was utilized to test the relationship between the variables. Results revealed that perceived competence was very high (M = 3.34), with strong indicators across skill competence (M = 3.33), improvement perception (M = 3.42), and comparative competence (M = 3.26). Exercise motivation was also found to be highly elevated (M = 3.52), encompassing intrinsic motivation (M = 3.51), identified regulation (M = 3.56), and external motivation (M = 3.49). Correlation analysis indicated a strong and statistically significant relationship between perceived competence and exercise motivation (r = .724, p = .001). These findings suggest that students’ belief in their physical abilities is closely associated with their level of motivation to engage in exercise, reflecting the importance of psychological determinants in Physical Education. The results further imply that competence perceptions play a vital role in shaping students’ engagement and persistence in physical activity. In conclusion, perceived competence serves as a critical predictor of exercise motivation, reinforcing its importance in understanding and promoting sustained participation in health-related behaviors among university students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yashier T. Hadji Kasan (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Active learning through active living: the relationship between physical activity and academic motivation
This study examined the relationship between students’ physical activity engagement and academic motivation to better understand how active living influences learning-oriented behaviors in educational settings. Employing a quantitative research design with a descriptive-correlational approach, the study involved 442 student respondents selected through simple random sampling. Data were gathered using two validated instruments: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to measure physical activity engagement and an Academic Motivation Questionnaire to assess students’ motivational orientations. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were utilized, including measures of central tendency to describe the variables and Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationship between physical activity engagement and academic motivation. The findings indicated that students generally demonstrated moderate to high levels of physical activity engagement and a developing level of academic motivation across both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. The results further revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between physical activity engagement and academic motivation, suggesting that physically active students tend to exhibit stronger motivation toward academic pursuits. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of physical and psychological aspects of student development. The study concludes that engagement in physical activity contributes meaningfully to students’ academic motivation, emphasizing the importance of holistic educational perspectives that integrate physical well-being with academic growth. Furthermore, the findings enrich the growing body of literature linking health-related behaviors to educational outcomes and provide valuable insights for educators, institutions, and policymakers seeking to promote balanced student development through active living and active learning.
The repercussions of the “Vamos Equipo” program on the democratization of children’s sport in Uruguay
The “Vamos Equipo” program was implemented in Uruguay in 2020 as an outreach initiative in primary education. Its objective was to promote sports participation and strengthen children's rights. This research explored the conceptual and practical aspects surrounding the program's implementation, analyzing its effects on the training of its participants. Using a qualitative methodological approach, program regulations and the opinions of eight focus groups with teachers and participants were examined. The study found that the community impact in the neighborhood is limited, but that, from the children's perspective, the program expands access to sports and promotes civic values among children. However, its implementation requires greater conceptual precision and needs to strengthen its inclusive strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariana Sarni Muñiz, David Perez López, Ana Carolina Peri Hada, José Luis Corbo Bruno (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Global Evolution of Research on Plyometric Training for Improving Lower-Limb Muscle Strength and Power: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric
This paper describes the global development of literature about plyometric exercise with the purpose of improving the strength and explosive force of the lower limbs. A combined systematic review with bibliometric analysis was carried out in the literature of Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases for the period of 2001-2025. The PRISMA-2020 protocol guided the systematic review procedure. A total of 14 experimental and quasi-experimental studies were selected for the systematic review, together with 784 articles analyzed in the bibliometric analysis with VOS_viewer. The outcome of the analysis showed an increased rate of published literature after the year 2017, particularly among authors from Europe and authors from Oceania, with an emphasis changing from mechanism-oriented studies towards performance-related studies. With the literature analysis of improvements in force, speed, and functionality of the lower limbs of varying ages and sports situations, it can accordingly be concluded that the literature about plyometric exercise has indeed developed extensively around the globe with explicit efficiency while emphasizing new studies about optimal dosages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulfiras Thariqi, Imam Marsudi, Oce Wiriawan, Hari Setijono, Agus Hariyanto, Irmantara Subagio, Gigih Siantoro (Autor/a); Taufiq Hidayat (Traductor/a); Sapta Kunta Purnama, Alvin Afandi (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The mediating role of sports self-confidence in the relationship between sports anxiety and perceived sports performance of suc-3 student-athletes during the in-season
Competitive sport environments expose athletes to psychological pressures that influence performance, particularly through the interaction of sports anxiety and sports self-confidence. Understanding these dynamics during the in-season is critical for optimizing athlete outcomes and performance consistency. This study aimed to determine the levels of sports anxiety, sports self-confidence, and perceived sports performance; examine sex differences; and test the direct and mediating relationships among these variables. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational–mediation design was employed involving 106 collegiate student-athletes (61 females, 45 males). Data were collected using standardized instruments and analyzed using regression-based mediation analysis with the Sobel test. Results indicated that athletes exhibited varying levels of sports anxiety, sports self-confidence, and perceived sports performance. Significant sex differences were observed, with females reporting higher cognitive anxiety (M = 3.27, SD = 0.60) than males (M = 2.76, SD = 0.81; p = .001). In contrast, males demonstrated higher sports self-confidence (M = 7.19, SD = 1.48 vs. 6.59, SD = 1.40; p = .016) and perceived sports performance (M = 7.86, SD = 1.70 vs. 7.10, SD = 1.91; p = .045). Regression analyses revealed that sports anxiety significantly and negatively predicted sports self-confidence (B = −0.5245, p = .014), while sports self-confidence significantly and positively predicted perceived sports performance (B = 0.8967, p < .001). Sports anxiety did not directly predict perceived performance (p = .181), but a significant indirect effect was observed, indicating mediation.These findings highlight sports self-confidence as a key psychological mechanism linking anxiety and performance, emphasizing the importance of confidence-based interventions to enhance athlete performance under competitive conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emilio Cruz (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychological comparison of Indonesian badminton players aged 13-14 years: a multidimensional assessment
This study aims to compare the psychological profiles of Indonesian badminton players aged 13-14 across seven aspects: confidence, anxiety, composure, courage, resilience, communication, and decision-making, based on event category (singles and doubles) and gender (male and female). The study employed a quantitative approach with cross-sectional design. The participants were badminton athletes aged 13-14 years who competed in an inter-school competition in East Java Province, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 32 singles-male, 24 singles-female, 28 doubles-male, 20 doubles-female. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires adapted to the research context, including the Self-Confidence Scale, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised, the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, the Sport Courage Scale, the Resilience Scale for Sport, the Scale for Effective Communication in Team Sport, the Melbourne Decision-Making Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using MANOVA. The results indicate that gender did not independently produce a significant difference (sig = 0.272). In contrast, event category had a significant effect on all psychological aspects (sig = 0.041; η² = 0.197). In addition, there is a significant interaction between gender and event category in all aspects (sig = 0.034; η² = 0.208), which indicates that the pattern of psychological differences between singles and doubles is different in male and female athletes. These findings confirm the importance of specific group-based psychological mapping and the need for a mental coaching program tailored to the demands of event category and developmental characteristics of early adolescent athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Auliya Akhsan Al Wahib, Endang Rini Sukamti, Tri Hadi Karyono, Trisnar Adi Prabowo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of game-based physical training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in volleyball players aged 15-18 years: a randomized controlled trial
Volleyball is an intermittent sport that requires both aerobic and anaerobic capacity; therefore, training approaches should match these physiological demands. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of game-based physical training on aerobic and anaerobic endurance in volleyball players aged 15-18 years. The study employed a randomized controlled trial design with a pretest-posttest format involving two groups. A total of 48 volleyball players aged 15-18 years (24 males and 24 females) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (game-based physical training) and a control group (conventional training). The intervention was conducted over 8 weeks (24 sessions) with an intensity of 65-85%. Aerobic endurance was measured using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1), while anaerobic endurance was assessed using the 10 × 20-meter Repeated Sprint Ability test with Total Sprint Time as the indicator. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed a significant group effect on the combined posttest scores of aerobic and anaerobic capacity (p < 0.001; partial η² = 0.738). Univariate analysis revealed that the group significantly affected both posttest aerobic capacity (p < 0.001; partial η² = 0.508) and posttest anaerobic capacity (p < 0.001; partial η² = 0.687). Game-based physical training was more effective than conventional training in improving aerobic and anaerobic endurance in volleyball players aged 15-18 years. Future studies should employ more comprehensive designs, objective measurements, and longer intervention periods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andriansyah, Sumaryanto, Ngatman, Trisnar Adi Prabowo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Active commuting in children and adolescents: A narrative review of its effects on physical health, psychological well-being, and contextual factors.
Physical inactivity among children and adolescents is a major public health concern. The purpose of this narrative review was to examine the available evidence on active commuting among children and adolescents and its relationship with physical health, psychological well-being, and contextual factors associated with its practice. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, including articles published between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2025, in English or Spanish, with full text available, and focused on populations aged 6 to 18 years. The initial search identified 266 records; after screening and eligibility assessment, 13 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. The findings indicate that active commuting is associated with higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, better cardiorespiratory fitness, and psychosocial benefits related to autonomy, self-efficacy, social support, and perceived well-being. Its adoption depends on contextual factors such as home-school distance, road safety, pedestrian or cycling infrastructure, neighborhood walkability, and family perceptions of safety. The reviewed evidence supports active commuting as a relevant strategy for promoting healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents, particularly when integrated into educational, family, urban, and community-based actions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Tapia Zamora, Iransé Oliveira-Silva, Cristian Lagos-Olivos, Sergio Araya-Sierralta, David Ulloa-Díaz, Luis Romero-Vera (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical literacy in Primary Physical Education: A systematic review of game-centred, outdoor, and digitally supported pedagogy
Primary physical education (PE) is an important context for developing physical literacy (PL), which integrates motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to support lifelong engagement in physical activity. This systematic review synthesized evidence published from 2020 to 2025 on pedagogical models, design principles, and implementation conditions associated with PL outcomes in primary PE. Using a PRISMA-informed method, studies from Scopus and Web of Science were screened, and 23 articles were included. Four themes emerged. First, hybrid pedagogical models, including game-centred approaches combined with Sport Education, TGfU, or Cooperative Learning, supported enjoyment, tactical learning, and social development. Second, autonomy support, inclusive differentiation, formative assessment, representative tasks, and progressive complexity were the most consistent design principles. Third, the more consistent evidence indicated improvements in competence-related outcomes, including fitness and skill development, while validated game-based observation strengthened authentic assessment. Fourth, teacher capacity, assessment coherence, facilities, equity, and safety culture influenced implementation and transferability. However, studies that explicitly integrated digital scaffolding, outdoor learning, and game-centred pedagogy within one primary PE design remained limited. The review concludes that digital tools and outdoor contexts should function as purposeful pedagogical supports rather than isolated additions to movement-rich, inclusive, and safely managed game-based learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Johan Irmansyah, Mujriah, Maulidin, Prayogi Dwina Angga (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Questioning in Physical Education and sports: a scoping review
Questioning is an essential pedagogical tool, yet its practical application in Physical Education (PE) and sports is often superficial. This scoping review aimed to synthesize evidence on the use of questioning by teachers and coaches, examining patterns, effects, and methodological factors. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 34 studies were selected from Scopus, ERIC, Taylor & Francis, and MDPI databases. JBI and MMAT tools were used for the methodological mapping of the studies and to improve the interpretation of findings. The analysis revealed a predominance of lower-order cognitive questions (knowledge and comprehension) across both contexts, regardless of study rigor. Furthermore, studies reported improvements in cognitive engagement, tactical thinking, and decision-making. However, the implementation of questioning faces critical barriers, such as a lack of pedagogical knowledge, time constraints, and the reactive use of the technique. Additionally, the prevalence of descriptive and qualitative designs limits the ability to establish definitive causal relationships. It is concluded that the potential of questioning to foster higher-order learning remains underutilized. It is imperative to develop targeted training programs and conduct rigorous experimental research to evaluate the long-term impact of inquiry strategies on educational and athletic performance, bridging the current gap between theory and professional practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evanthia Maria Fragkogoula, Kyriaki Emmanouilidou, Athina Pitsi, Vasiliki Derri, Olga Kouli (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The social fabric of engagement: peer dynamics and the social learning environment in Physical Education.
This study investigated the influence of peer dynamics on student engagement in a tertiary physical education setting in the Philippines. Using a multi-methods design, data were collected from 1,955 students via a survey with quantitative and embedded open-ended questions. Quantitative results showed a largely positive social environment, with students reporting strong agreement with social interactions (M = 4.30) and safety (M = 4.28). However, a significant gap was found in social support: while general support was rated favorably, students reported a neutral feeling about being supported when trying new activities (M = 2.76). Qualitative findings corroborated this, revealing that while encouragement and camaraderie were dominant themes, cliques and occasional mockery created vulnerability during unfamiliar tasks. The convergence of data highlights that peer support is weakest when it is most needed. The study concludes that fostering a genuinely inclusive PE environment requires targeted pedagogical strategies, such as structured collaborative learning, to ensure consistent peer encouragement during moments of challenge and risk-taking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mark Joseph D. Santos, Ma. Michelle Garganera, Jeric P. Quibral, Michelle Cancio, Christian Alex Mondido, Aida Daig (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Flywheel resistance training and performance determinants in long-distance runners: A narrative review
Flywheel resistance training, characterized by its emphasis on eccentric force production, has been supported by the scientific literature as an effective strategy for enhancing muscle power, muscle mass, running speed, and sport-specific performance capacities. Within this context, the aim of this narrative review was to provide an overview of the main determinants of performance in long-distance runners, describe how strength training may contribute to their improvement, and examine the potential role of flywheel resistance training in influencing these determinants based on the available scientific evidence. To this end, a narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases without date restrictions. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, observational studies, and experimental studies were considered for inclusion. The available evidence suggests that strength training, particularly programs emphasizing eccentric muscle actions and a high rate of force development, improves running economy and endurance performance without compromising maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max). In this regard, flywheel resistance training, which induces high neuromuscular demands and running-specific mechanical stimuli, may promote adaptations related to the stretch-shortening cycle and musculotendinous stiffness. Nevertheless, the current evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. In conclusion, flywheel resistance training, when combined with aerobic endurance training, appears to be a promising strategy for optimizing key performance determinants in long-distance runners. However, further high-quality experimental research is warranted to clarify its effectiveness and practical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paula Janyn Melo Buitrago, Claudia Eliza Patrocinio de Oliveira, Santiago Adolfo Arboleda-Franco, Osvaldo Costa Moreira (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0