Evolución del análisis del rendimiento en fútbol: hacia un modelo conceptual entre datos, análisis e interpretación
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55040/51zm5h50Palabras clave:
análisis rendimiento, fútbol, video análisis, GPS, inteligencia artificialResumen
Este artículo presenta una revisión narrativa con enfoque histórico y conceptual sobre la evolución del análisis del rendimiento en el fútbol, desde la observación intuitiva hasta el desarrollo de técnicas avanzadas de análisis de datos y la inteligencia artificial. A partir de literatura académica en español e inglés, se propone una periodización en cinco etapas: (1) 1863–1924, predominio de la observación e intuición en un contexto de institucionalización normativa; (2) 1925–1959, consolidación del análisis táctico y de la profesionalización, con el entrenador como figura estratégica; (3) 1960–1979, incorporación del registro audiovisual y avance hacia una observación más sistemática, junto con limitaciones derivadas de la información incompleta; (4) 1980–2010, desarrollo del video análisis, los indicadores de rendimiento y la monitorización física; y (5) 2011–actualidad, integración de datos de eventos y posicionales y aplicación de aprendizaje automático para la modelización y el apoyo a la decisión. Más allá de esta evolución, el estudio propone un modelo conceptual que interpreta el análisis del rendimiento como un proceso estructurado en tres niveles interdependientes: descriptivo, analítico e interpretativo, cuyo desarrollo ha estado condicionado por las limitaciones estructurales del juego. El fútbol presenta propiedades como la no linealidad, la interacción adaptativa entre oponentes y la dependencia del contexto competitivo, que dificultan la identificación de relaciones causales estables. En consecuencia, el avance tecnológico no elimina la incertidumbre, sino que desplaza sus límites hacia el proceso interpretativo. Las herramientas avanzadas amplían la capacidad analítica, pero no sustituyen el juicio experto necesario para traducir la información en decisiones aplicables.
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