Entrenamiento con perturbaciones vs multicomponente en mayores de 70: equilibrio y movilidad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55040/73t1n670Palabras clave:
caídas, equilibrio postural, movilidad funcional, entrenamiento con perturbaciones, adultos mayoresResumen
Los programas tradicionales de ejercicio multicomponente suelen centrarse en el control proactivo del equilibrio, mientras que el entrenamiento basado en perturbaciones busca mejorar las respuestas reactivas ante eventos desestabilizadores inesperados. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio multicomponente basado en perturbaciones con los de un programa multicomponente tradicional sobre la fuerza, el equilibrio y la movilidad funcional en mujeres mayores de 70 años que viven en la comunidad. Sesenta y una mujeres fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de entrenamiento basado en perturbaciones (PT; n = 32) o a un grupo de entrenamiento multicomponente tradicional (MT; n = 29). Ambos grupos realizaron un programa de intervención de ocho semanas, con dos sesiones semanales de 45 minutos. En el grupo PT, la fase central de cada sesión incluyó tareas de perturbación progresivamente más complejas caracterizadas por una mayor imprevisibilidad ambiental y restricciones sensoriales, mientras que el grupo MT realizó ejercicios multicomponentes de intensidad ligera a moderada sin perturbaciones sistemáticas. El rendimiento físico fue evaluado antes y después de la intervención mediante diferentes pruebas funcionales relacionadas con la fuerza, el equilibrio y la movilidad. Se observaron interacciones significativas grupo × tiempo en todas las variables analizadas. El grupo PT mostró mejoras significativas en todas las pruebas, mientras que el grupo MT mejoró únicamente en algunas de ellas. Estos resultados sugieren que el entrenamiento basado en perturbaciones puede producir mejoras más amplias en la fuerza, el equilibrio y la movilidad funcional en mujeres mayores de 70 años en comparación con los programas multicomponentes tradicionales.
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