Determinantes del estado de vitamina D en atletas de élite albaneses: un estudio transversal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55040/9z0kew35Palabras clave:
deficiencia de vitamina D, índice de masa corporal, exposición solar, pigmentación cutánea, atletasResumen
La deficiencia de vitamina D constituye un problema relevante de salud pública, condicionado por la interacción de diversos factores antropométricos, conductuales y ambientales,incluso en poblaciones físicamente activas como los atletas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la deficiencia de vitamina D en atletas albaneses y analizar su asociación con características antropométricas, nivel de actividad física, exposición solar y pigmentación de la piel. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal entre octubre y diciembre de 2024, con la participación de 80 atletas de entre 18 y 30 años. Las concentraciones séricas de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) se determinaron mediante análisis de laboratorio, mientras que la información relacionada con variables antropométricas y de estilo de vida se obtuvo a través de cuestionarios previamente diseñados. Se especificaron pruebas no paramétricas, correlaciones de Spearman y regresión logística multivariable. En total, 42 atletas (52,5%) presentaron concentraciones suficientes, 37 (46,3%) insuficiencia y uno (1,3%) deficiencia; por tanto, 38 (47,5%) presentaron niveles inadecuados. El IMC difirió entre las categorías de vitamina D (p = 0,048). La exposición solar (ρ = 0,097; p = 0,393) y la pigmentación cutánea (ρ = −0,085; p = 0,454) no mostraron correlaciones significativas con la 25(OH)D. En el modelo ajustado, el IMC mostró una asociación positiva pero imprecisa con niveles inadecuados de vitamina D (odds ajustados 1,16 por kg/m²; IC 95%: 0,99–1,36; p = 0,066), mientras que los demás factores incluidos no mostraron asociaciones independientes. Los niveles inadecuados afectaron a casi la mitad de la cohorte. Estos resultados transversales justifican nuevas investigaciones, pero no permiten establecer causalidad ni respaldan un cribado bioquímico universal.
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