Entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inercia y determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de larga distancia: revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55040/nev3ke48Palabras clave:
carreras de larga distancia, maratón, rendimiento atlético, entrenamiento de fuerza, entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inerciaResumen
El entrenamiento con volante de inercia, orientado al desarrollo de la fuerza excéntrica, ha sido respaldado por la literatura científica como una estrategia eficaz para promover mejoras en la potencia muscular, masa muscular, velocidad de carrera y capacidades deportivas específicas. En este marco, el objetivo de esta revisión fue ofrecer una visión general de los principales determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de larga distancia, describir cómo el entrenamiento de fuerza puede influir en su mejora, con atención en el entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inercia, explorando su potencial influencia sobre dichos determinantes según la evidencia científica disponible. Para ello, se realizó una revisión narrativa, consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus Web of Science y ScienceDirect, sin restricciones de fecha, incluyendo revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis, estudios observacionales y experimentales.
La literatura sugiere que el entrenamiento de fuerza, particularmente aquel que enfatiza acciones excéntricas y una elevada tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza, mejora la economía de carrera y el rendimiento en corredores de resistencia sin comprometer el VO₂max. En este sentido, el entrenamiento con volante de inercia caracterizado por inducir altas demandas neuromusculares y mecánicas específicas de la carrera, puede favorecer las adaptaciones relacionadas con el ciclo estiramiento–acortamiento y la rigidez músculo-tendinosa. No obstante, la evidencia disponible aún es limitada y heterogénea.
En conclusión, el entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inercia sumado al de resistencia aeróbica, emerge como una estrategia prometedora para optimizar determinantes clave del rendimiento en corredores de larga distancia, justificando la necesidad de investigaciones experimentales de mayor calidad metodológica.
Referencias
Albracht, K., & Arampatzis, A. (2013). Exercise-induced changes in triceps surae tendon stiffness and muscle strength affect running economy in humans. European journal of applied physiology, 113(6), 1605-1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2585-4
Arampatzis, A., De Monte, G., Karamanidis, K., Morey-Klapsing, G., Stafilidis, S., & Brüggemann, G. P. (2006). Influence of the muscle-tendon unit's mechanical and morphological properties on running economy. The Journal of experimental biology, 209(Pt 17), 3345-3357. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02340
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Santos-Concejero, J., & Grivas, G. V. (2016). Effects of Strength Training on Running Economy in Highly Trained Runners: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(8), 2361-2368. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001316
Banks, N. F., Berry, A. C., Rogers, E. M., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024). Flywheel resistance training promotes unique muscle architectural and performance-related adaptations in young adults. European journal of sport science, 24(12), 1765-1778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12215
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015a). Strategies to improve running economy. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0246-y
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015b). Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports medicine - open, 1(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0007-y
Bassett, D. R., Jr, & Howley, E. T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(1), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012
Beato, M., de Keijzer, K. L., Fleming, A., Coates, A., La Spina, O., Coratella, G., & McErlain-Naylor, S. A. (2023). Post flywheel squat vs. flywheel deadlift potentiation of lower limb isokinetic peak torques in male athletes. Sports biomechanics, 22(11), 1514-1527. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1810750
Beato, M., & Dello Iacono, A. (2020). Implementing Flywheel (Isoinertial) Exercise in Strength Training: Current Evidence, Practical Recommendations, and Future Directions. Frontiers in physiology, 11, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00569
Beato, M., de Keijzer, K. L., Muñoz-Lopez, A., Raya-González, J., Pozzo, M., Alkner, B. A., Dello Iacono, A., Vicens-Bordas, J., Coratella, G., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Gonzalo-Skok, O., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Martin-Rivera, F., Hernandez-Davo, J. L., Arrones, L. S., Sabido, R., de Hoyo, M., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., & Norrbrand, L. (2024). Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 54(3), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01979-x
Beattie, K., Kenny, I. C., Lyons, M., & Carson, B. P. (2014). The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 44(6), 845-865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y
Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., Rossiter, A., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The Effect of Strength Training on Performance Indicators in Distance Runners. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001464
Blagrove, R. C., Howatson, G., & Hayes, P. R. (2018). Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(5), 1117-1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7
Burgos-Jara, C., Cerda-Kohler, H., Aedo-Muñoz, E. & Miarka, B. (2023). "Eccentric Resistance Training: A Methodological Proposal of Eccentric Muscle Exercise Classification Based on Exercise Complexity, Training Objectives, Methods, and Intensity" Applied Sciences 13, no. 13: 7969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137969
Competition And Technical Rules (2024). COMPETITION AND TECHNICAL RULES. World Athletics. https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules
Denadai, B. S., & Greco, C. C. (2022). Could middle- and long-distance running performance of well-trained athletes be best predicted by the same aerobic parameters?. Current research in physiology, 5, 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.006
de Dios-Álvarez, V., Rey, E., Padrón-Cabo, A., & Castellano, J. (2025). Impact of Weekly Eccentric Overload Training on Locomotor and Mechanical Performance in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 24(2), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2025.351
de Keijzer, K. L., Gonzalez, J. R., & Beato, M. (2022). The effect of flywheel training on strength and physical capacities in sporting and healthy populations: An umbrella review. PloS one, 17(2), e0264375. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264375
de Waal, S. J., Gomez-Ezeiza, J., Venter, R. E., & Lamberts, R. P. (2021). Physiological Indicators of Trail Running Performance: A Systematic Review. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 16(3), 325-332.
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0812
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2018). Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading on Muscle Properties, Strength, Power, and Speed in Resistance-Trained Rugby Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(10), 2750-2761. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002772
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2017). Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(4), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0624-8
Ehrström, S., Tartaruga, M. P., Easthope, C. S., Brisswalter, J., Morin, J. B., & Vercruyssen, F. (2018). Short Trail Running Race: Beyond the Classic Model for Endurance Running Performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 50(3), 580-588. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001467
Eihara, Y., Takao, K., Sugiyama, T., Maeo, S., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2024). The effects of plyometric versus resistance training on running economy and 5-km running time in middle-aged recreational runners. European journal of sport science, 24(12), 1820-1829. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12197
Festa, L., Tarperi, C., Skroce, K., Boccia, G., Lippi, G., La Torre, A., & Schena, F. (2019). Effects of Flywheel Strength Training on the Running Economy of Recreational Endurance Runners. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(3), 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002973
Genitrini, M., Fritz, J., Stöggl, T., & Schwameder, H. (2023). Performance Level Affects Full Body Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters in Trail Running-A Field Study. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11100188
Haugen, T., Sandbakk, Ø., Seiler, S., & Tønnessen, E. (2022). The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. Sports medicine - open, 8(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7
Hody, S., Croisier, J. L., Bury, T., Rogister, B., & Leprince, P. (2019). Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Risks and Benefits. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00536
Hopewell, S., Chan, A. W., Collins, G. S., Hróbjartsson, A., Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Tunn, R., Aggarwal, R., Berkwits, M., Berlin, J. A., Bhandari, N., Butcher, N. J., Campbell, M. K., Chidebe, R. C. W., Elbourne, D., Farmer, A., Fergusson, D. A., Golub, R. M., Goodman, S. N., Hoffmann, T. C., … Boutron, I. (2025). CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 389, e081123. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-081123
Howe, C. C. F., Swann, N., Spendiff, O., Kosciuk, A., Pummell, E. K. L., & Moir, H. J. (2021). Performance determinants, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during a treadmill ultramarathon. European journal of applied physiology, 121(6), 1759-1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04643-2
Hu, Z., Liu, Y., Huang, K., Huang, H., Li, F., & Yuan, X. (2024). Comparing the Effect of Isoinertial Flywheel Training and Traditional Resistance Training on Maximal Strength and Muscle Power in Healthy People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 14(7), 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070908
Joyner, M. J., & Coyle, E. F. (2008). Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834
Kim, Y., Oh, S., Kim, D. Y., & Lim, J. Y. (2025). Effects of eccentric contraction-based resistance exercise on physical performance in chronic stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 104(32), e43491. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043491
Lanferdini, F. J., Silva, E. S., Machado, E., Fischer, G., & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2020). Physiological Predictors of Maximal Incremental Running Performance. Frontiers in physiology, 11, 979. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00979
Li, F., Nassis, G. P., Shi, Y., Han, G., Zhang, X., Gao, B., & Ding, H. (2021). Concurrent complex and endurance training for recreational marathon runners: Effects on neuromuscular and running performance. European journal of sport science, 21(9), 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1829080
Li, F., Newton, R. U., Shi, Y., Sutton, D., & Ding, H. (2021). Correlation of Eccentric Strength, Reactive Strength, and Leg Stiffness With Running Economy in Well-Trained Distance Runners. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(6), 1491-1499. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003446
Llanos-Lagos, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J., & Sáez de Villarreal, E. (2024a). The Effect of Strength Training Methods on Middle-Distance and Long-Distance Runners' Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 54(7), 1801-1833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02018-z
Llanos-Lagos, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J., & Sáez de Villarreal, E. (2024b). Effect of Strength Training Programs in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners' Economy at Different Running Speeds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 54(4), 895-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01978-y
Maroto-Izquierdo, S., García-López, D., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Moreira, O. C., González-Gallego, J., & de Paz, J. A. (2017). Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 20(10), 943-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.004
McLaughlin, J. E., Howley, E. T., Bassett, D. R., Jr, Thompson, D. L., & Fitzhugh, E. C. (2010). Test of the classic model for predicting endurance running performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(5), 991-997. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c0669d
Midgley, A. W., McNaughton, L. R., & Jones, A. M. (2007). Training to enhance the physiological determinants of long-distance running performance: can valid recommendations be given to runners and coaches based on current scientific knowledge?. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 37(10), 857-880.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737100-00003
Millet, G. Y., Hoffman, M. D., & Morin, J. B. (2012). Sacrificing economy to improve running performance--a reality in the ultramarathon?. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 113(3), 507-509. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00016.2012
Moore I. S. (2016). Is There an Economical Running Technique? A Review of Modifiable Biomechanical Factors Affecting Running Economy. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(6), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4
Nakamura, M., Ikezu, H., Sato, S., Yahata, K., Kiyono, R., Yoshida, R., Takeuchi, K., & Nunes, J. P. (2021). Effects of Adding Inter-Set Static Stretching to Flywheel Resistance Training on Flexibility, Muscular Strength, and Regional Hypertrophy in Young Men. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(7), 3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073770
Padulo, J., Buglione, A., Larion, A., Esposito, F., Doria, C., Čular, D., di Prampero, P. E., & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2023). Energy cost differences between marathon runners and soccer players: Constant versus shuttle running. Frontiers in physiology, 14, 1159228. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1159228
Patrocinio de Oliveira, C. E., Moreira, O. C., Carrión-Yagual, Z. M., Medina-Pérez, C., & de Paz, J. A. (2018). Effects of Classic Progressive Resistance Training Versus Eccentric-Enhanced Resistance Training in People With Multiple Sclerosis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 99(5), 819-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.021
Petré, H., Wernstål, F., & Mattsson, C. M. (2018). Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis. Sports medicine - open, 4(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5
Prieto-González, P., & Sedlacek, J. (2022). Effects of Running-Specific Strength Training, Endurance Training, and Concurrent Training on Recreational Endurance Athletes' Performance and Selected Anthropometric Parameters. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(17), 10773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710773
Puustinen, J., Venojärvi, M., Haverinen, M., & Lundberg, T. R. (2023). Effects of Flywheel vs. Traditional Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance of Elite Ice Hockey Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 37(1), 136-140. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004159
Ramos-Campo, D. J., Andreu-Caravaca, L., Clemente-Suárez, V. J., & Rubio-Arias, J. Á. (2025). The Effect of Strength Training on Endurance Performance Determinants in Middle- and Long-Distance Endurance Athletes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 39(4), 492-506. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005056
Raya-González, J., Castillo, D., & Beato, M. (2021). The flywheel paradigm in team sports: A soccer approach. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 43(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000561
Santos, L. V., Freitas, K. R. D. S. R., Pereira, E. T., Leite, L. B., Forte, P., de Oliveira, C. E. P., & Moreira, O. C. (2025). Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 13(2), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13020060
Saunders, P. U., Pyne, D. B., Telford, R. D., & Hawley, J. A. (2004). Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 34(7), 465-485. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434070-00005
Spudić, D., & Nosaka, K. (2026). Do Flywheel Exercises Provide Eccentric-Overload Training? Sports medicine - open, 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00974-y
Suchomel, T. J., Wagle, J. P., Douglas, J., Taber, C. B., Harden, M., Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2019). Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 2: Practical Recommendations. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 4(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4030055
Sukhera J. (2022). Narrative Reviews: Flexible, Rigorous, and Practical. Journal of graduate medical education, 14(4), 414-417. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-22-00480.1
Tiller, N. B., & Millet, G. Y. (2024). Decoding Ultramarathon: Muscle Damage as the Main Impediment to Performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 10.1007/s40279-024-02127-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02127-9
Venturini, E., & Giallauria, F. (2022). Factors Influencing Running Performance During a Marathon: Breaking the 2-h Barrier. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 9, 856875. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.856875
Vicens-Bordas, J., Esteve, E., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bandholm, T., & Thorborg, K. (2018). Is inertial flywheel resistance training superior to gravity-dependent resistance training in improving muscle strength? A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.006
Vogt, M., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2014). Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 116(11), 1446-1454. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2013
Wagle, J. P., Taber, C. B., Cunanan, A. J., Bingham, G. E., Carroll, K. M., DeWeese, B. H., Sato, K., & Stone, M. H. (2017). Accentuated Eccentric Loading for Training and Performance: A Review. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(12), 2473-2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0755-6
Wallace, B. J., Shapiro, R., Wallace, K. L., Abel, M. G., & Symons, T. B. (2019). Muscular and Neural Contributions to Postactivation Potentiation. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(3), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003011 Weng, Y., Liu, H., Ruan, T., Yang, W., Wei, H., Cui, Y., Ho, I. M. K., & Li, Q. (2022). Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 1060640. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1060640
Xue, J., Gao, W., Zhang, C., Peng, S., Chen, Z., Zou, R., Wu, W., Zhang, L., Tang, W., & Liu, W. (2025). A Comparative Study of High-Intensity Flywheel Eccentric Training and Traditional Barbell Training on Athletic Performance in Female Basketball Players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 24(4), 824-838. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2025.824
Zhang, Q., Nassis, G. P., Chen, S., Shi, Y., & Li, F. (2022). Not Lower-Limb Joint Strength and Stiffness but Vertical Stiffness and Isometric Force-Time Characteristics Correlate With Running Economy in Recreational Male Runners. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 940761. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.940761
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Paula Janyn Melo Buitrago, Claudia Eliza Patrocinio de Oliveira, Santiago Adolfo Arboleda-Franco, Osvaldo Costa Moreira (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El autor conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y concede el derecho de la primera publicación a la revista.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones post-print (versión editorial), ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Además de poder publicar los artículos en repositorios y diferentes soportes que colaboren en la difusión de la información, siempre que sea la versión post-print (versión editorial). Color RoMEO: Azul.
